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annotate thesis/tex/3-MarketAnalysis.tex @ 108:9ec16cd54ab6

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removed UMTS and GSM
author meillo@marmaro.de
date Sun, 23 Nov 2008 21:58:25 +0100
parents 54c0b044f853
children 22dbadd03195
rev   line source
meillo@92 1 \chapter{Market analysis}
meillo@105 2 \label{chap:market-analysis}
meillo@92 3
meillo@105 4 This chapter analyses the current situation and future trends, for electronic communication in general and email in particular. First electronic mail's position within other electronic communication technologies is located. Then trends for the whole field of electronic communication are shown. Afterwards opportunities and threats in the market for email are located and the trends for email are shown. The insights of these analysis result in a summary of things that are important for developing future-prove email software.
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meillo@105 8 \section{Electronic communication technologies}
meillo@92 9
meillo@105 10 Electronic communication is communication that is based on electronic data exchange, no physical contact is needed and no physical transport needs to be done for it. Additional, electronic communication is fast in general. With having no other needs besides the electronic infrastructure, electronic communication provides cheap communication. As underlying transport infrastructure, mostly the Internet is used; this makes it available nearly everywhere around the world. These properties---fast, cheap, everywhere---make electronic communication well suited for long distance communication.
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meillo@107 12 %todo: clarify: electronic communication vs. digital communication
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meillo@105 14 As globalization proceeds and long distance communication becomes more and more important. The future of electronic communication is bright.
meillo@92 15
meillo@108 16 Electronic communication includes the following technologies: electronic mail (email), instant messaging (\name{IM}), chats (e.g.\ \NAME{IRC}), short message service (\NAME{SMS}), voicemail, video messages, and Voice over \NAME{IP} (VoIP).
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meillo@92 18
meillo@105 19 \subsection{Classification}
meillo@105 20 Types of electronic communication can be divided in written and recorded information. Recorded information, like audio or video data, is accessable only in a linear way by spooling and replay. Written information, on the other hand, can be accessed in arbitary sequence, detail and speed.
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meillo@105 22 Another possible separation is to distinguished synchron and asynchron communication. Syncron communication are direct dialogs with little delay. Telephone conversation is an example. Asynchron communication are one-way message systems; of course, dialogs are possible here as well, but not in the same direct fashion. These two groups can also be split by the time of data delivery. Synchron communication requires nearly real-time delivery, while for asynchron communication message delivery times of several seconds or even minutes are sufficent.
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meillo@108 24 Figure \ref{fig:comm-classification} shows a classification of communication technologies sorted by these two criteria. Email and \NAME{SMS} are written and asynchron communication; \NAME{IM} and chats are written information too, but synchron. Recorded information are voicemail and video messages as examples for asynchron communication. VoIP is an example for synchron communication.
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meillo@105 26 One might be surprised to find Instant \emph{Messaging} not in the group of \emph{message} communication. Instant Messaging could be put in both groups because it allows asynchron communication additional to being a chat system. The reasons why it is sorted to dialog communication are its primary use for dialog communication and the very fast---instant---delivery time.
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meillo@105 28 Email is not limited to written information, at least since the advent of \NAME{MIME}, which allows to include multimedia content in textual email messages. Thus recorded information can be sent as subparts of emails. The same applies to Instant Messaging too, where file transfer is an additional subservice offered by most systems. In general recorded information can be transmitted in an encoded textual form.
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meillo@105 31
meillo@105 32 %\begin{figure}
meillo@105 33 % \begin{center}
meillo@105 34 %\begin{verbatim}
meillo@105 35 % ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 36 % | | |
meillo@105 37 % messages | email | voicemail |
meillo@105 38 % asynchron | SMS | video messages |
meillo@105 39 % | | |
meillo@105 40 % ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 41 % | | |
meillo@105 42 % dialog | IM | VoIP |
meillo@108 43 % synchron | chat | video conference |
meillo@105 44 % | | |
meillo@105 45 % ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 46 % | | |
meillo@105 47 % | written | recorded |
meillo@105 48 % | | |
meillo@105 49
meillo@105 50
meillo@105 51
meillo@105 52 % ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 53 % | | |
meillo@105 54 % messages | email SMS | (makes no sense) |
meillo@105 55 % asynchron | video messages | |
meillo@105 56 % | voicemail | |
meillo@105 57 % | | |
meillo@105 58 % ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 59 % | | |
meillo@105 60 % dialog | IM | VoIP |
meillo@108 61 % synchron | chat | video conference |
meillo@105 62 % | | |
meillo@105 63 % ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 64 % | | |
meillo@107 65 % | files | streams |
meillo@105 66 % | | |
meillo@105 67 %\end{verbatim}
meillo@105 68 % \end{center}
meillo@105 69 % \caption{Classification of electronic communication}
meillo@105 70 % \label{fig:comm-classification}
meillo@105 71 %\end{figure}
meillo@105 72
meillo@105 73
meillo@105 74 \input{kvmacros}
meillo@105 75 \kvunitlength=3cm
meillo@105 76 \kvnoindex
meillo@105 77
meillo@105 78 \begin{figure}
meillo@105 79 \begin{center}
meillo@105 80 \karnaughmap{2}{}{
meillo@105 81 {\parbox{\kvunitlength}{asynchron\\(messages)}}
meillo@105 82 {written}
meillo@105 83 {\parbox{\kvunitlength}{synchron\\(dialog)}}
meillo@105 84 {recorded}
meillo@105 85 }{
meillo@105 86 {\parbox{0.8\kvunitlength}{email\\\NAME{SMS}}}
meillo@105 87 {\parbox{0.8\kvunitlength}{voicemail\\video messages}}
meillo@105 88 {\parbox{0.8\kvunitlength}{\NAME{IM}\\chat}}
meillo@108 89 {\parbox{0.8\kvunitlength}{VoIP\\video conferencing}}
meillo@105 90 }{}
meillo@105 91 \end{center}
meillo@105 92 \caption{Classification of electronic communication}
meillo@105 93 \label{fig:comm-classification}
meillo@105 94 \end{figure}
meillo@105 95
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meillo@105 98
meillo@105 99 \subsection{Life cycle analysis}
meillo@105 100 Life cycle analysis are common for products but also for technologies. This one here is for electronic communication technologies. The first dimensions regarded is the life time of the subject. It is segmented into the introduction, growth, mature, saturation, and decline phases. The second dimension can display sales, market share, importance, or similar values. The graph has always an S-line shape, with a slow start, a rapidly increasing first half, the highest level in the third quater, and a slowly declining end. Reaching the end of the life cycle means, the subject is inherited by its successor or the market situation changed thus making it oldfashioned.
meillo@105 101
meillo@105 102 The current position on the life cycle of the introduced communication technologies is depicted in figure \ref{fig:comm-lifecycle}. It is important to notice that there is no time line matching for all of them---some life cycles are shorter than others---the shape of the graph, however, is the same.
meillo@105 103
meillo@108 104 Video messages and voicemail are technologies in the introduction phase. Voice over \NAME{IP} is heavily growing these days. Instant Messaging has reached maturation, but still growing. Email is an example for a technology in the saturation phase. Declining does none of the above mentioned; telefaxes would be an example for a declining technology.
meillo@105 105
meillo@105 106 \begin{figure}
meillo@105 107 \begin{center}
meillo@105 108 \begin{verbatim}
meillo@108 109 | | | | ******* | |
meillo@108 110 | | | |*#** **| |
meillo@105 111 | | | ***** email ****** |
meillo@105 112 | | | ** | | *****|
meillo@105 113 | | |*#** | | |
meillo@105 114 | | *** IM | | |
meillo@105 115 | | ** | | | |
meillo@105 116 | | *#* | | | |
meillo@105 117 | | ** VoIP | | | |
meillo@108 118 | | ** | | | |
meillo@108 119 | voice * | | | |
meillo@105 120 | video mail** | | | |
meillo@105 121 | mess. #**| | | | |
meillo@105 122 | #**** | | | | |
meillo@105 123 |**** | | | | |
meillo@105 124 ----------------------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 125 | | | | | |
meillo@105 126 | introduct. | growth | mature | saturation | decline |
meillo@105 127 \end{verbatim}
meillo@105 128 \end{center}
meillo@105 129 \caption{Life cycle of electronic communication technologies}
meillo@105 130 \label{fig:comm-lifecycle}
meillo@105 131 \end{figure}
meillo@105 132
meillo@105 133 Email ranges in the saturation phase, which is defined by a saturated market, no more products are needed, there is no more growth. This means, email is a technology used by everyone who want to use it. It is a standard technology. The current form of email in the current market is on the top of its life cycle. The future is decline, sooner or later.
meillo@105 134
meillo@105 135 But life cycles positions change as the subject or the market changes. An examples is the \name{Flash} animation software. The product's change from a drawing and animation system to a technology for website building, advertising, and movie distribution, and the then changing target market, made it slip back on the life cycle. If the email system would evolve to become the basis for Unified Messaging, a similar slip back would be the consequence. An example for a changing market are the \NAME{DVD} standards \NAME{DVD+} and \NAME{DVD-}. With the upcoming next generation formats BlueRay and \NAME{HD-DVD}, a much sooner decline of \NAME{DVD+} and \NAME{DVD-} started, even before reaching their last development steps in storage size. Such can happen to email too, if Unified Messaging is a revolution to the email system instead of an evolution.
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meillo@105 139
meillo@105 140 \subsection{Trends}
meillo@107 141 Following are the trends for electronic communication. The trends are shown from the view point of \mta{}s. Nevertheless are these trends common for all of the communication technology.
meillo@105 142
meillo@105 143 \subsubsection*{Consolidation}
meillo@105 144 There is a consolidation of communication technologies with similar transport characteristics, nowadays. Email is the most flexible kind of asynchron communication technology already in major use. Hence email is the best choice for transfering messages of any kind today. But in future it probably will be \name{Unified Messaging}, which tries to group all kinds of asynchron messaging into one communication system. It aims to provide a single transport protocol for all content and a flexible access interface for all kinds of clients. Unified messaging seems to have the potential to be the successor of all asynchron communication technologies, including email.
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meillo@105 146 Today email still is the major asynchron communication technology and it probably will be it for the next years. As Unified Messaging needs similar transfer facilities to email, it may to be an evolution not a revolution. Hence \mta{}s will still have importance in future, maybe in a modified way.
meillo@105 147 %todo: decentral organization, like the internet -> MTAs are well suited -> further technologies will need something similar
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meillo@105 149
meillo@105 150 \subsubsection*{Integration}
meillo@105 151 Integration of communication technologies becomes popular. This goes beyond consolidation, because communication technologies of different kinds are bundled together to make communication more convenient for human. User interfaces tend to this direction. The underlying technologies will get grouped, but it seems as if synchron and asynchron communication can not be joined together in a sane way, so they will probably only be fusioned at the surface.
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meillo@105 154
meillo@105 155 \subsubsection*{Communication hardware}
meillo@105 156 Hardware needed for communicating comes from two different roots: On the one side, the telephone, now available as mobile phones. This group centers around recorded data and dialog, but messages are supported by the answering machine and \NAME{SMS}. On the other side, mail and its relatives like email, using computers as main hardware. They center around document messages, support dialog communication in Instant Messaging and Voice over \NAME{IP}.
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meillo@105 158 The last years finally brought the two groups together, with \name{smart phones} being the merging hardware element. Smart phones are computers in the size of mobile phones, or mobile phones with the capabilities of computers. They provide both functions, being telephones and computers.
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meillo@105 160 Smart Phones match well the requirements of recorded data, for which it was designed of course. Writing text is not good to do with the minimal keyboards available for smart phones; speech to text converters may provide help in future. This leaves us with the need for ordinary computers for the field of exchanging documents and as better input hardware for all written input.
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meillo@105 162 It seems as if a combination of computers and smart phones will be the hardware used for communication in future. Both specialized to the best matching communication technologies, but supporting the others too. Hence facilities for transfering information off and onto the devices will be needed.
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meillo@105 170 \section{Electronic mail}
meillo@105 171
meillo@107 172 After viewing the whole market of electronic communication, a zoom in to the market of electronic mail follows. Email is an asynchron communication technology that transports textual information primary. This thesis is about a \mta, so the market situation for email is important. Interesting questions are: Is email future-safe? How will email change? Will it change at all? Which are the critical parts? These questions matter when deciding on the directions for further development of an \MTA.
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meillo@107 175
meillo@107 176 \subsection{Is email future-safe?}
meillo@107 177 It seems as if electronic mail or a similar technology has good chances to survive the next decades. This bases on the assumption that it always will be important to send information messages. These can be notes from other people, or notifications from systems (like a broken or full hard drive in the home server, or the coffee machine ran out of coffee beans). Other communication technologies are not as suitable for this kind of messages, as email, short message service, voice mail, and the like. Telephone talks are more focused on dialog and normally interrupt people. These kind of messages should not interrupt people, unless urgent, and they do not need two-way information exchange. The second argument appies to instant messaging too. If only one message is to be send, one does not need instant messaging. Thus, one type of one-way message sending technology will survive.
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meillo@107 179 Whether email will be the one surviving, or short message service, or another one, does not matter. Probably it will be \name{unified messaging}, which includes all of the other ones in it, anyway. \MTA{}s are a kind of software needed for all of these messaging methods---programs that transfer and receive messages.
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meillo@105 184 \subsection{\NAME{SWOT} analysis}
meillo@105 185
meillo@105 186 A \NAME{SWOT} analysis regards the strengths and weaknesses of a subject against the opportunities and threats of its market. The background for the analysis is the goal to reach with the subject. In this case, the main goal is to make email future-safe.
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meillo@105 188 The market's main threat is \emph{spam email}, also named \name{junk email} or \name{unsolicited commercial email} (\NAME{UCE}). Spam mail is also a weakness of the email system, because it can not prevent it.
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meillo@105 190 Opportunities of the market are large data transfers, coming from multimedia content. Email is weak related to that kind of data: the data needs to be encoded to \NAME{ASCII} and and stresses mail servers a lot. The use of various hardware to access mail is another opportunity of the market. The software and infrastructure needed to transfer mail within this network might be a weakness of the email system. An opportunity of the market that is a strength of electronic mail is its standardization. Few other communication technologies are standardized and thus freely available in a similar way. Another opportunity and strength is the modular and extendable structure of electronic mail; it can easily evolve to new requirements.
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meillo@105 192 The increasing integration of communication channels, is an opportunity for the market. But deciding weather it is a weakness or strength of email is not so easy. It is a weakness because the not possible integration of stream data and the not good integration of large binary data. It is also a strength, because arbitary asynchron communication data already can be integrated. On the other hand, the integration might be a threat too, because it easily leads to complexity of software. Complex software is more error prone and thus less reliable. This could be a strength of electronic mail because of its modular design that decreases complexity, but real integration is harder to do than in monolitic systems.
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meillo@107 194 Figure \ref{fig:email-swot} displays the \NAME{SWOT} analysis in a handy overview. It is easy to see, that the opportunities outweigh. This indicates a still increasing technology. %fixme: ref
meillo@105 195
meillo@105 196 \begin{figure}
meillo@105 197 \begin{center}
meillo@105 198 \begin{verbatim}
meillo@105 199 ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 200 | | |
meillo@105 201 strength | standard | |
meillo@105 202 of email | modular,extendabl| |
meillo@105 203 | | |
meillo@105 204 ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 205 | big data transfer| |
meillo@105 206 weaknesses | too big for phone| |
meillo@105 207 of email | | spam |
meillo@105 208 | | |
meillo@105 209 ---------------------------------------------------
meillo@105 210 | | |
meillo@105 211 | opportunities of | threats of |
meillo@105 212 | market | market |
meillo@105 213 | | |
meillo@105 214 \end{verbatim}
meillo@105 215 \end{center}
meillo@105 216 \caption{SWOT analysis for email}
meillo@105 217 \label{fig:email-swot}
meillo@105 218 \end{figure}
meillo@105 219
meillo@105 220 The analysis shows what should be done to achieve the goal (Making email future-safe). Spam mail should be reduced as good as possible. Solutions for large data transfers and infrastructures with more nodes moving within the net should be developed, there is a lot of potential. Standardization, modularity and extendability should be used to go even further, these are the key advantages of email.
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meillo@105 223
meillo@105 224 \subsubsection*{Differences in \freesw}
meillo@107 225 %fixme: where to put this comment ... appears to be relevant
meillo@107 226 << what consumers choose >>
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meillo@92 231
meillo@92 232 \subsection{Trends for electronic mail}
meillo@92 233
meillo@107 234 Trends and possible trend, or just plans to think about, are presented now.
meillo@107 235 %Emailing in future will not be the same as emailing today. This will mainly affect how email is transfered.
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meillo@105 237
meillo@107 238 \subsubsection*{Provider independence}
meillo@92 239 Today's email structure is heavily dependent on email providers. This means, most people have email addresses from some provider. These can be the provider of their online connection (e.g.\ \NAME{AOL}, \name{T\~Online}), freemail provider (e.g.\ \NAME{GMX}, \name{Yahoo}, \name{Hotmail}) or provider that offer enhanced mail services that one needs to pay for. Outgoing mail is send either with the webmail client of the provider or using \name{mail user agent}s sending it to the provider for relay. Incoming mail is read with the webmail client or retrieved from the provider via \NAME{POP3} or \NAME{IMAP} to the local computer to be read in the \name{mail user agent}. This means all mail sending and receiving work is done by the provider.
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meillo@92 241 The reason therefor is originated in the time when people used dial-up connections to the internet. A mail server needs to be online to receive email. Sending mail is no problem, but receiving it is hardly possible with an \MTA\ being few time online. Internet service providers had servers running all day long connected to the internet. So they offered email service.
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meillo@92 243 Nowadays, dial-up internet access is rare; the majority has broadband internet access paying a flat rate for it. So being online or not does not affect costs anymore, even traffic is unlimited. Today it is possible to have an own mail server running at home. The last technical problem remaining are the changing \NAME{IP} addresses one gets assigned every 24 hours. But this is easily solvable with one of the dynamic \NAME{DNS} services around; they provide the mapping of a fixed domain name to the changing \NAME{IP} addresses.
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meillo@92 245 Home servers become popular in these days, for central data storage and multi media services. Being assembled of energy efficient elements, power consumption is no big problem anymore. These home servers will replace video recorders and music collections in the near future. It is also realistic that they will manage heating systems and intercoms too. Given the future leads to this direction, it is a logical step to have email and other communication will be provided by the (or one of) the own server aswell.
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meillo@92 247 After \mta{}s have not been popular for users in the last time, the next years might bring them back to them. Maybe in a few years nearly everyone will have one running at home \dots\ possibly without knowing about it.
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meillo@92 249
meillo@92 250 \subsubsection*{Pushing versus polling}
meillo@92 251 The retrieval of email is a field that is about to change now. The old way is to fetch email by polling the server that holds the personal mail box. This polling is done in regular intervals, often once every five to thirty minutes. The mail transfer from the mail box to the \name{mail user agent} is initiated from the mail client side. The disadvantage herewith is the delay between mail actually arriving on the server and the user finally having the message on his screen.
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meillo@92 253 To remove this disadvantage, \name{push email} was invented. Here the server is not polled every few minutes about new mail, but the server pushes new mail directly to the client on arrival. The transfer is initiated by the server. This concept became popular with the smart phones; they were able to do emailing, but the traffic caused by polling the server often was expensive. The concept workes well with mobile phones where the provider knows about the client, but it seems not to be a choice for computers since the provider needs to have some kind of login to push data to the computer.
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meillo@92 255 The push concept, however could swap over to computers when using a home server and no external provider. A possible scenario is a home server receiving mail from the internet and pushing it to computers and smart phones. The configuration could be done by the user through some simple interface, like one configures his telephone system to have different telephone numbers ring on specified phones.
meillo@92 256 %FIXME: add reference to push email
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meillo@105 258
meillo@92 259 \subsubsection*{Internet Mail 2000}
meillo@92 260 Another concept to redesign the electronic mail system, but this time focused on mail transfer is named ``Internet Mail 2000''. It was proposed by Daniel J.\ Bernstein, the creater of \name{qmail}. Similar approaches were independently introduced by others too.
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meillo@92 262 As main change it makes the sender have the responsibility of mail storage; only a notification about a mail message gets send to the receiver, who can fetch the message then from the sender's server. This is in contrast to the \NAME{SMTP} mail architecture, where mail and the responsibility for it is transfered from the sender to the receiver.
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meillo@92 264 \name{Mail transfer agent}s are still important in this mail architecture, but in a slightly different way. Their job is not transfering mail anymore---this makes the name missleading---they are used to transport the notifications about new mail to the destinations. This is a quite similar job as they do in the \NAME{SMTP} model. The real transfer of the mail can be done in any way, for example via \NAME{FTP} or \NAME{SCP}.
meillo@92 265 %FIXME: add references for IM2000
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meillo@105 272 \section{What will be important}
meillo@92 273 \label{sec:important-for-mtas}
meillo@92 274 Now that it is explained why email will survive (in some changed but related form), it is time to think about the properties required for \mta{}s in the next years. As the fields and kinds of usage change, the requirement change too.
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meillo@92 276 Provider independence through running an own mail server at home asks for easy configuration of the \MTA. Providers have specialists to configure the systems, but ordinary people do not. Solutions are either having some home service system for computer configuration established with specialists coming to one's home to set up the systems; like it is already common for problems with the power supply or water supply system. Or configuration needs to be easy and fool-prove, to be done by the owner himself. The latter solution depends on standardized parts that fit together seamlessly. The technology itself must not be a problem itself. Only settings custom to the users environment should be left open for him to set. This of course needs to be doable on a simple configuration interface like a web interface; non-technical educated users should be able to configure the system.
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meillo@92 278 \sendmail\ and \name{qmail} appear to have bad positions at this point. Their configuration is complex, thus they would need simplification wrappers around them to provide easy configuration.
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meillo@92 280 The approach of wrappers around the main program to make it look easier to the outside is a good concept in general. %FIXME: add ref
meillo@92 281 It still lets the specialist do complex and detailed configuration, and also offering a simple configuration interface to novices. Further more is it well suited to provide various wrappers with different user interfaces (e.g.\ a graphical program, a website, a command line program; all of them either in a questionaire style or iteractive).
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meillo@92 283 When \MTA{}s become popular on home servers and maybe even on workstations and smart phones, then performance will be less important. Providers need \mta{}s that process a large amount of mail in short time. Home servers or workstations however, do not see that much mail; they need to handle tens or hundrets of email messages per hour. Thus performance will probably not be a main requirement for an \MTA\ in the future, if they mainly run on private machines.
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meillo@92 285 \name{postfix} focuses much on performance, this might not be an important point then.
meillo@92 286
meillo@92 287 New mailing concepts and architectures like push email or \name{Internet Mail 2000} will, if they succeed, require \mta{}s to adopt the new technology. \MTA{}s that are not able to change are going to be sorted out by evolution. Thus it is important to not focus too much on one use case, but to stay flexible. Allman saw this property of \sendmail\ one reason for its huge success (see section \ref{sec:sendmail}).
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meillo@92 289 Another important requirement for all kinds of software will be security. There is a constant trend going from completely non-secured software from the 70s and 80s over growing security awareness in the 90s to security being a primary goal now. This leads to the conclusion that software security will even more important in the next years. As more clients get connected to the internet and especially more computers are waiting for incoming connections (like an \MTA\ in a home server), there are more possibilities to break into systems. Securing software systems will be done with increasing effort in future.
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meillo@105 291 ``Plug-and-play''-able hardware with preconfigured software running can be expected to become popular. Like someone buys a set-top box to watch Pay-\NAME{TV} today, he might be buying a box acting as mail server in a few years. He plugs the power cable in, inserts his email address in a web interface and selects the clients (workstation computers or smart phones) to which mail should be send and from which mail is accepted to receive. That's all. It would just work then, like everyone expects it from a set-top box today.
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meillo@92 293 Containing secure and robust software is a pre-requisite for such boxes to make that vision possible.
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meillo@92 295 It seems as if all widely used \mta{}s provide good security nowadays. \name{qmail}'s architecture, also used in \name{postfix}, is generally seen to be conceptually more secure, however.
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meillo@92 297 In summary: easy configuration, aswell as the somehow opposed flexibility will be important for future \mta{}s. Also will it be security, but not performance. \MTA{}s might become more commodity software, like web servers already are today, with the purpose to include it in many systems and the need of minimal configuration.
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