1.1 --- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
     1.2 +++ b/ed.1	Mon Sep 05 16:31:35 2011 +0200
     1.3 @@ -0,0 +1,914 @@
     1.4 +'\" t
     1.5 +.\" Sccsid @(#)ed.1	1.48 (gritter) 6/22/05
     1.6 +.\" Parts taken from ed(1), Unix 7th edition:
     1.7 +.\" Copyright(C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002. All rights reserved.
     1.8 +.\"
     1.9 +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    1.10 +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
    1.11 +.\" are met:
    1.12 +.\"   Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the
    1.13 +.\"    above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
    1.14 +.\"    disclaimer.
    1.15 +.\"   Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
    1.16 +.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
    1.17 +.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
    1.18 +.\"   All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
    1.19 +.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
    1.20 +.\"      This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
    1.21 +.\"      International, Inc.
    1.22 +.\"   Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc. nor the names of
    1.23 +.\"    other contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
    1.24 +.\"    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
    1.25 +.\"
    1.26 +.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA
    1.27 +.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
    1.28 +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
    1.29 +.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
    1.30 +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE
    1.31 +.\" LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
    1.32 +.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
    1.33 +.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
    1.34 +.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
    1.35 +.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
    1.36 +.\" OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
    1.37 +.\" EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
    1.38 +.TH ED 1 "6/22/05" "Heirloom Toolchest" "User Commands"
    1.39 +.if t .ds q \(aa
    1.40 +.if n .ds q '
    1.41 +.SH NAME
    1.42 +ed \- text editor
    1.43 +.SH SYNOPSIS
    1.44 +\fBed\fR [\fB\-\fR\ |\ \fB\-s\fR] [\fB\-p\fI\ prompt\fR] [\fIname\fR]
    1.45 +.SH DESCRIPTION
    1.46 +.I Ed
    1.47 +is the standard text editor.
    1.48 +.PP
    1.49 +If a
    1.50 +.I name
    1.51 +argument is given,
    1.52 +.I ed
    1.53 +simulates an
    1.54 +.I e
    1.55 +command (see below)\| on the named file; that is to say,
    1.56 +the file is read into
    1.57 +.IR ed 's
    1.58 +buffer so that it can be edited.
    1.59 +The optional
    1.60 +.B \-
    1.61 +or
    1.62 +.B \-s
    1.63 +suppresses the printing
    1.64 +of character counts by
    1.65 +.IR e ,
    1.66 +.IR r ,
    1.67 +and
    1.68 +.I w
    1.69 +commands,
    1.70 +and of the `!' after completion of a shell command.
    1.71 +.PP
    1.72 +With the
    1.73 +.B \-p
    1.74 +option,
    1.75 +the given
    1.76 +.I prompt
    1.77 +string is printed before each command is read.
    1.78 +.PP
    1.79 +.I Ed
    1.80 +operates on a copy of any file it is editing; changes made
    1.81 +in the copy have no effect on the file until a
    1.82 +.IR w ""
    1.83 +(write)\|
    1.84 +command is given.
    1.85 +The copy of the text being edited resides
    1.86 +in a temporary file called the 
    1.87 +.IR buffer .
    1.88 +.PP
    1.89 +The editor supports format specifications as defined in
    1.90 +.IR fspec (5).
    1.91 +If the terminal is configured to expand tabulators
    1.92 +(as enabled with
    1.93 +.I stty tab3
    1.94 +or
    1.95 +.IR "stty \-tabs"),
    1.96 +and the first line of the file being edited
    1.97 +contains a format specification,
    1.98 +the
    1.99 +.I t
   1.100 +and
   1.101 +.I s
   1.102 +are interpreted,
   1.103 +that is, tabulators are expanded and lines are truncated
   1.104 +when printing to the terminal. For example,
   1.105 +.RS
   1.106 +<:t\-f s72:>
   1.107 +.sp
   1.108 +.RE
   1.109 +selects FORTRAN format and truncates lines at 72 characters.
   1.110 +No expansion or truncation is performed by
   1.111 +.I ed
   1.112 +when input is typed to the terminal.
   1.113 +.PP
   1.114 +Commands to
   1.115 +.I ed
   1.116 +have a simple and regular structure: zero or
   1.117 +more
   1.118 +.I addresses
   1.119 +followed by a single character
   1.120 +.I command,
   1.121 +possibly
   1.122 +followed by parameters to the command.
   1.123 +These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
   1.124 +Missing addresses are supplied by default.
   1.125 +.PP
   1.126 +In general, only one command may appear on a line.
   1.127 +Certain commands allow the 
   1.128 +addition of text to the buffer.
   1.129 +While
   1.130 +.I ed
   1.131 +is accepting text, it is said
   1.132 +to be in
   1.133 +.I  "input mode."
   1.134 +In this mode, no commands are recognized;
   1.135 +all input is merely collected.
   1.136 +Input mode is left by typing a period `\fB.\fR' alone at the
   1.137 +beginning of a line.
   1.138 +.PP
   1.139 +.I Ed
   1.140 +supports a limited form of
   1.141 +.I "regular expression"
   1.142 +notation.
   1.143 +A regular expression specifies
   1.144 +a set of strings of characters.
   1.145 +A member of this set of strings is said to be
   1.146 +.I matched
   1.147 +by the regular expression.
   1.148 +In the following specification for regular expressions
   1.149 +the word `character' means any character but newline.
   1.150 +.B ed
   1.151 +uses simple regular expressions.
   1.152 +.SS "Simple Regular Expressions"
   1.153 +.IP 1.
   1.154 +Any character except a special character
   1.155 +matches itself.
   1.156 +Special characters are
   1.157 +the regular expression delimiter plus
   1.158 +.RB \e\|[\| .
   1.159 +and sometimes ^\|*\|$.
   1.160 +.IP 2.
   1.161 +A
   1.162 +.B .\&
   1.163 +matches any character.
   1.164 +.IP 3.
   1.165 +A \fB\e\fR followed by any character except a digit
   1.166 +or (\|) {\|} <\|> matches that character.
   1.167 +.IP 4.
   1.168 +A nonempty string
   1.169 +.I s
   1.170 +bracketed
   1.171 +\fB[\fI\|s\|\fB]\fR
   1.172 +(or
   1.173 +\fB[^\fIs\|\fB]\fR)
   1.174 +forms a \fIbracket expression\fR that
   1.175 +matches any character in (or not in)
   1.176 +.I s.
   1.177 +In 
   1.178 +.I s,
   1.179 +\e has no special meaning, and ] may only appear as
   1.180 +the first letter.
   1.181 +A substring 
   1.182 +\fIa\fB\-\fIb\fR,
   1.183 +with
   1.184 +.I a
   1.185 +and
   1.186 +.I b
   1.187 +in ascending ASCII order, stands for the inclusive
   1.188 +range of ASCII characters.
   1.189 +.IP 5.
   1.190 +A regular expression of form 1-4 followed by \fB*\fR matches a sequence of
   1.191 +0 or more matches of the regular expression.
   1.192 +.IP 6.
   1.193 +A regular expression of form 1-4
   1.194 +followed by \fB\e{\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB\e}\fR
   1.195 +forms an \fIinterval expression\fR that
   1.196 +matches a sequence of \fIm\fR through \fIn\fR matches, inclusive,
   1.197 +of the regular expression.
   1.198 +The values of \fIm\fR and \fIn\fR must be non-negative
   1.199 +and smaller than 256.
   1.200 +The form \fB\e{\fIm\fB\e}\fR matches exactly \fIm\fR occurrences,
   1.201 +\fB\e{\fIm\fB,\e}\fR matches at least \fIm\fR occurrences.
   1.202 +.IP 7.
   1.203 +The sequence \fB\e<\fR forces the match
   1.204 +to occur only at the beginning of a ``variable'' or ``word'';
   1.205 +that is, either at the beginning of a line,
   1.206 +or just before a letter, digit or underline
   1.207 +and after a character not one of these.
   1.208 +.IP 8.
   1.209 +The sequence \fB\e>\fR matches the end
   1.210 +of a ``variable'' or ``word'',
   1.211 +i.\|e. either the end of the line
   1.212 +or before character which is neither a letter,
   1.213 +nor a digit, nor the underline character.
   1.214 +.IP 9.
   1.215 +A regular expression,
   1.216 +.I x,
   1.217 +of form 1-11, parenthesized
   1.218 +\fB\e(\fI\|x\|\fB\e)\fR
   1.219 +is called a \fIsubexpression\fR and
   1.220 +matches what
   1.221 +.I x
   1.222 +matches.
   1.223 +.IP 10.
   1.224 +A \fB\e\fR followed by a digit 
   1.225 +.I n
   1.226 +forms a \fIbackreference\fR and
   1.227 +matches a copy of the string that the
   1.228 +parenthesized regular expression beginning with the
   1.229 +.IR n th
   1.230 +\e( matched.
   1.231 +.IP 11.
   1.232 +A regular expression of form 1-11,
   1.233 +.I x,
   1.234 +followed by a regular expression of form 1-10,
   1.235 +.I y
   1.236 +matches a match for
   1.237 +.I x
   1.238 +followed by a match for
   1.239 +.I y,
   1.240 +with the
   1.241 +.I x
   1.242 +match being as long as possible while still permitting a
   1.243 +.I y
   1.244 +match.
   1.245 +.IP 12.
   1.246 +A regular expression of form 1-11 preceded by \fB^\fR
   1.247 +(or followed by \fB$\fR), is constrained to matches that
   1.248 +begin at the left (or end at the right) end of a line
   1.249 +(\fIanchoring\fR).
   1.250 +.IP 13.
   1.251 +A regular expression of form 1-12 picks out the
   1.252 +longest among the leftmost matches in a line.
   1.253 +.IP 14.
   1.254 +An empty regular expression stands for a copy of the
   1.255 +last regular expression encountered.
   1.256 +.PP
   1.257 +Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
   1.258 +lines and in one command
   1.259 +(see
   1.260 +.I s
   1.261 +below)\|
   1.262 +to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
   1.263 +If it is desired to use one of
   1.264 +the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
   1.265 +character, that character may be preceded by `\e'.
   1.266 +This also applies to the character bounding the regular
   1.267 +expression (often `/')\| and to `\e' itself.
   1.268 +.PP
   1.269 +To understand addressing in
   1.270 +.I ed
   1.271 +it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
   1.272 +.I  "current line."
   1.273 +Generally speaking, the current line is
   1.274 +the last line affected by a command; however,
   1.275 +the exact effect on the current line
   1.276 +is discussed under the description of
   1.277 +the command.
   1.278 +Addresses are constructed as follows.
   1.279 +.TP
   1.280 +1.
   1.281 +The character `\fB.\fR' addresses the current line.
   1.282 +.TP
   1.283 +2.
   1.284 +The character `\fB$\fR' addresses the last line of the buffer.
   1.285 +.TP
   1.286 +3.
   1.287 +A decimal number
   1.288 +.I n
   1.289 +addresses the
   1.290 +.IR n -th
   1.291 +line of the buffer.
   1.292 +.TP
   1.293 +4.
   1.294 +`\fB\(fm\fIx\fR' addresses the line marked with the name
   1.295 +.IR x ,
   1.296 +which must be a lower-case letter.
   1.297 +Lines are marked with the
   1.298 +.I k
   1.299 +command described below.
   1.300 +.TP
   1.301 +5.
   1.302 +A regular expression enclosed in slashes `\fB/\fR' addresses
   1.303 +the line found by searching forward from the current line
   1.304 +and stopping at the first line containing a
   1.305 +string that matches the regular expression.
   1.306 +If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
   1.307 +buffer.
   1.308 +.TP
   1.309 +6.
   1.310 +A regular expression enclosed in queries `\fB?\fR' addresses
   1.311 +the line found by searching backward from the current line
   1.312 +and stopping at the first line containing
   1.313 +a string that matches the regular expression.
   1.314 +If necessary
   1.315 +the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
   1.316 +.TP
   1.317 +7.
   1.318 +An address followed by a plus sign `\fB+\fR'
   1.319 +or a minus sign `\fB\-\fR' followed by a decimal number
   1.320 +specifies that address plus
   1.321 +(resp. minus)\| the indicated number of lines.
   1.322 +The plus sign may be omitted.
   1.323 +.TP
   1.324 +8.
   1.325 +If an address begins with `\fB+\fR' or `\fB\-\fR'
   1.326 +the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
   1.327 +e.g. `\-5' is understood to mean `\fB.\fR\-5'.
   1.328 +.TP
   1.329 +9.
   1.330 +If an address ends with `\fB+\fR' or `\fB\-\fR',
   1.331 +then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
   1.332 +As a consequence of this rule and rule 8,
   1.333 +the address `\-' refers to the line before the current line.
   1.334 +Moreover,
   1.335 +trailing
   1.336 +`+' and `\-' characters
   1.337 +have cumulative effect, so `\-\-' refers to the current
   1.338 +line less 2.
   1.339 +.TP
   1.340 +10.
   1.341 +To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
   1.342 +the character `\fB^\fR' in addresses is 
   1.343 +equivalent to `\-'.
   1.344 +.PP
   1.345 +Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
   1.346 +Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
   1.347 +of an address as an error.
   1.348 +Commands which accept one or two addresses
   1.349 +assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
   1.350 +If more addresses are given than such a command requires,
   1.351 +the last one or two (depending on what is accepted)\| are used.
   1.352 +.PP
   1.353 +Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
   1.354 +`\fB,\fR'.
   1.355 +They may also be separated by a semicolon
   1.356 +`\fB;\fR'.
   1.357 +In this case the current line `\fB.\fR' is set to
   1.358 +the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
   1.359 +This feature can be used to determine the starting
   1.360 +line for forward and backward searches (`/', `?')\|.
   1.361 +The second address of any two-address sequence
   1.362 +must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
   1.363 +.PP
   1.364 +Omission of the first address causes
   1.365 +the first line to be used with `,',
   1.366 +or the current line with `;', respectively;
   1.367 +if the second address is also omitted,
   1.368 +the last line of the buffer is used.
   1.369 +Thus a single `,' specifies the entire contents of the buffer,
   1.370 +and a single `;' specifies the contents
   1.371 +ranging from the current line to the last one.
   1.372 +.PP
   1.373 +In the following list of
   1.374 +.I ed
   1.375 +commands, the default addresses
   1.376 +are shown in parentheses.
   1.377 +The parentheses are not part of
   1.378 +the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
   1.379 +the default.
   1.380 +.PP
   1.381 +As mentioned, it is generally illegal for more than one
   1.382 +command to appear on a line.
   1.383 +However, most commands may be suffixed by `p', `l', or `n',
   1.384 +in which case
   1.385 +the current line is either
   1.386 +printed, listed, or numbered respectively
   1.387 +in the way discussed below.
   1.388 +.TP 5
   1.389 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fR)\fB\|a\fR
   1.390 +.br
   1.391 +.ns
   1.392 +.TP 5
   1.393 +<text>
   1.394 +.br
   1.395 +.ns
   1.396 +.TP 5
   1.397 +.B .
   1.398 +.br
   1.399 +The append command reads the given text
   1.400 +and appends it after the addressed line.
   1.401 +`\fB.\fR' is left
   1.402 +on the last line input, if there
   1.403 +were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
   1.404 +Address `0' is legal for this command; text is placed
   1.405 +at the beginning of the buffer.
   1.406 +.TP 5
   1.407 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBc\fR
   1.408 +.br
   1.409 +.ns
   1.410 +.TP 5
   1.411 +<text>
   1.412 +.br
   1.413 +.ns
   1.414 +.TP 5
   1.415 +.B .
   1.416 +.br
   1.417 +The change
   1.418 +command deletes the addressed lines, then accepts input
   1.419 +text which replaces these lines.
   1.420 +`\fB.\fR' is left at the last line input; if there were none,
   1.421 +it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
   1.422 +.TP 5
   1.423 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBd\fR
   1.424 +The delete command deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.
   1.425 +The line originally after the last line deleted becomes the current line;
   1.426 +if the lines deleted were originally at the end,
   1.427 +the new last line becomes the current line.
   1.428 +.TP 5
   1.429 +\fBe\ \fIfilename\fR
   1.430 +The edit
   1.431 +command causes the entire contents of the buffer to be deleted,
   1.432 +and then the named file to be read in.
   1.433 +`\fB.\fR' is set to the last line of the buffer.
   1.434 +The number of characters read is typed.
   1.435 +`\fIfilename\fR' is remembered for possible use as a default file name
   1.436 +in a subsequent
   1.437 +.I r
   1.438 +or
   1.439 +.I w
   1.440 +command.
   1.441 +If `\fIfilename\fR' is missing, the remembered name is used.
   1.442 +A `\fIfilename\fR' starting with a `\fB!\fR'
   1.443 +causes the output of the shell command following this character
   1.444 +to be read in.
   1.445 +.TP 5
   1.446 +\fBE\ \fIfilename\fR
   1.447 +This command is the same as
   1.448 +.IR e ,
   1.449 +except that no diagnostic results when no
   1.450 +.I w
   1.451 +has been given since the last buffer alteration.
   1.452 +.TP 5
   1.453 +\fBf\ \fIfilename\fR
   1.454 +The filename command prints the currently remembered file name.
   1.455 +If `\fIfilename\fR' is given,
   1.456 +the currently remembered file name is changed to `\fIfilename\fR'.
   1.457 +.TP 5
   1.458 +\fR(\fI1\fB,\fI$\fR)\|\fBg/\fIregular expression\fB/\fIcommand list\fR
   1.459 +In the global
   1.460 +command, the first step is to mark every line which matches
   1.461 +the given \fIregular expression\fR.
   1.462 +Then for every such line, the
   1.463 +given \fIcommand list\fR is executed
   1.464 +with `\fB.\fR' initially set to that line.
   1.465 +A single command or the first of multiple commands
   1.466 +appears on the same line with the global command.
   1.467 +All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must be ended with `\e'.
   1.468 +.I A,
   1.469 +.I i,
   1.470 +and
   1.471 +.I c
   1.472 +commands and associated input are permitted;
   1.473 +the `\fB.\fR' terminating input mode may be omitted if it would be on the
   1.474 +last line of the command list.
   1.475 +The commands
   1.476 +.I g
   1.477 +and
   1.478 +.I v
   1.479 +are not permitted in the command list.
   1.480 +.TP 5
   1.481 +\fR(\fI1\fB,\fI$\fR)\|\fBG/\fIregular expression\fB/\fR
   1.482 +The interactive global command
   1.483 +first marks every line matching the given \fIregular expression\fR.
   1.484 +Then each line is printed
   1.485 +and a command is read and executed for this line.
   1.486 +A single newline character causes the line to remain unchanged,
   1.487 +an isolated `\fB&\fR' repeats the command given for the previous line.
   1.488 +The command can be terminated by an interrupt signal.
   1.489 +.TP 5
   1.490 +.B h
   1.491 +This command prints a verbose description for the
   1.492 +last error encountered.
   1.493 +.TP
   1.494 +.B H
   1.495 +This command acts like the
   1.496 +.I h
   1.497 +command,
   1.498 +but also causes verbose descriptions to be printed
   1.499 +on all following error conditions.
   1.500 +Another
   1.501 +.I H
   1.502 +turns verbose mode off.
   1.503 +.TP 5
   1.504 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBi\fR
   1.505 +.br
   1.506 +.ns
   1.507 +.TP 5
   1.508 +<text>
   1.509 +.br
   1.510 +.ns
   1.511 +.TP 5
   1.512 +.B .
   1.513 +.br
   1.514 +This command inserts the given text before the addressed line.
   1.515 +`\fB.\fR' is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
   1.516 +at the line before the addressed line.
   1.517 +This command differs from the
   1.518 +.I a
   1.519 +command only in the placement of the
   1.520 +text.
   1.521 +.TP 5
   1.522 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.+1\fR)\|\fBj\fR
   1.523 +This command joins the addressed lines into a single line;
   1.524 +intermediate newlines simply disappear.
   1.525 +`\fB.\fR' is left at the resulting line.
   1.526 +.TP 5
   1.527 +\fR(\fI.\fR)\|\fBk\fIx\fR
   1.528 +The mark command marks the addressed line with
   1.529 +name
   1.530 +.IR x ,
   1.531 +which must be a lower-case letter.
   1.532 +The address form `\(fm\fIx\fR' then addresses this line.
   1.533 +.ne 2.5
   1.534 +.TP 5
   1.535 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBl\fR
   1.536 +The list command
   1.537 +prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
   1.538 +non-graphic control characters are printed in three-digit octal;
   1.539 +Long lines are folded.
   1.540 +The
   1.541 +.I l
   1.542 +command may be placed on the same line after any non-i/o
   1.543 +command.
   1.544 +.TP 5
   1.545 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBm\fIa\fR
   1.546 +The move command repositions the addressed lines after the line
   1.547 +addressed by
   1.548 +.IR a .
   1.549 +The last of the moved lines becomes the current line.
   1.550 +.TP 5
   1.551 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBn\fR
   1.552 +This command prints lines preceded by their line numbers.
   1.553 +It otherwise acts like the
   1.554 +.I p
   1.555 +command described below.
   1.556 +.TP 5
   1.557 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBp\fR
   1.558 +The print command prints the addressed lines.
   1.559 +`\fB.\fR'
   1.560 +is left at the last line printed.
   1.561 +The
   1.562 +.I p
   1.563 +command
   1.564 +may
   1.565 +be placed on the same line after any non-i/o command.
   1.566 +.TP
   1.567 +.B P
   1.568 +This command causes a prompt to be printed
   1.569 +before following commands are read.
   1.570 +The default prompt is a `*' character,
   1.571 +but can be set with the
   1.572 +.I \-p
   1.573 +command line option (which also enables the prompt).
   1.574 +Another 
   1.575 +.I P
   1.576 +disables the prompt.
   1.577 +.TP 5
   1.578 +.B q
   1.579 +The quit command causes
   1.580 +.I ed
   1.581 +to exit.
   1.582 +No automatic write
   1.583 +of a file is done.
   1.584 +.TP 5
   1.585 +.B Q
   1.586 +This command is the same as
   1.587 +.I q,
   1.588 +except that no diagnostic results when no
   1.589 +.I w
   1.590 +has been given since the last buffer alteration.
   1.591 +.TP 5
   1.592 +\fR(\fI$\fR)\|\fBr\ \fIfilename\fR
   1.593 +The read command
   1.594 +reads in the given file after the addressed line.
   1.595 +If no file name is given,
   1.596 +the remembered file name, if any, is used
   1.597 +(see
   1.598 +.I e
   1.599 +and
   1.600 +.I f
   1.601 +commands)\|.
   1.602 +The file name is remembered if there was no
   1.603 +remembered file name already.
   1.604 +Address `0' is legal for
   1.605 +.I r
   1.606 +and causes the
   1.607 +file to be read at the beginning of the buffer.
   1.608 +If the read is successful, the number of characters
   1.609 +read is typed.
   1.610 +`\fB.\fR' is left at the last line read in from the file.
   1.611 +A `filename' starting with a `\fB!\fR'
   1.612 +causes the output of the shell command following this character
   1.613 +to be read in.
   1.614 +.TP 5
   1.615 +\fR(\|\fI.\fB\|,\|\fI.\fR\|)\|\fBs/\fIregular expression\fB/\fIreplacement\fB/\fR       or,
   1.616 +.br
   1.617 +.ns
   1.618 +.TP 5
   1.619 +\fR(\|\fI.\fB\|,\|\fI.\fR\|)\|\fBs/\fIregular expression\fB/\fIreplacement\fB/g\fR      or,
   1.620 +.br
   1.621 +.ns
   1.622 +.TP 5
   1.623 +\fR(\|\fI.\fB\|,\|\fI.\fR\|)\|\fBs/\fIregular expression\fB/\fIreplacement\fB/\fInumber\fR
   1.624 +The substitute command searches each addressed
   1.625 +line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
   1.626 +On each line in which a match is found,
   1.627 +all matched strings are replaced by the replacement specified,
   1.628 +if the global replacement indicator
   1.629 +.RB ` g '
   1.630 +appears after the command.
   1.631 +If the global indicator does not appear, only the first occurrence
   1.632 +of the matched string is replaced;
   1.633 +if the \fInumber\fR indicator is given,
   1.634 +the numbered occurrence is replaced.
   1.635 +It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
   1.636 +Any character other than space or new-line
   1.637 +may be used instead of `/' to delimit the regular expression
   1.638 +and the replacement.
   1.639 +`\fB.\fR' is left at the last line substituted.
   1.640 +.IP
   1.641 +An ampersand
   1.642 +.RB ` & '
   1.643 +appearing in the replacement
   1.644 +is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
   1.645 +The special meaning of `&' in this context may be
   1.646 +suppressed by preceding it by
   1.647 +.RB ` \e '.
   1.648 +The characters `\|\fB\e\fIn\fR'
   1.649 +where
   1.650 +.I n
   1.651 +is a digit,
   1.652 +are replaced by the text matched by the
   1.653 +.IR n -th
   1.654 +regular subexpression
   1.655 +enclosed between `\e(' and `\e)'.
   1.656 +When
   1.657 +nested, parenthesized subexpressions
   1.658 +are present,
   1.659 +.I n
   1.660 +is determined by counting occurrences of `\e(' starting from the left.
   1.661 +.IP
   1.662 +A substitution string consisting of a single
   1.663 +.RB ` % '
   1.664 +causes the string given on the previous substitution to be re-used.
   1.665 +.IP
   1.666 +Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters into them.
   1.667 +The new-line in the
   1.668 +replacement string
   1.669 +must be escaped by preceding it by
   1.670 +.RB ` \e '.
   1.671 +.TP 5
   1.672 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fB,\|\fI.\|\fR)\|\fBt\|\fIa\fR
   1.673 +This command acts just like the
   1.674 +.I m
   1.675 +command, except that a copy of the addressed lines is placed
   1.676 +after address
   1.677 +.I a
   1.678 +(which may be 0).
   1.679 +`\fB.\fR' is left on the last line of the copy.
   1.680 +.TP 5
   1.681 +.B u
   1.682 +The undo command restores
   1.683 +the contents of the buffer
   1.684 +before the last command was executed.
   1.685 +If the undo command is given twice,
   1.686 +the current state is restored.
   1.687 +.TP 5
   1.688 +\fR(\fI1\fB,\fI$\fR)\|\fBv/\fIregular expression\fB/\fIcommand list\fR
   1.689 +This command is the same as the global command
   1.690 +.I g
   1.691 +except that the command list is executed
   1.692 +.I g
   1.693 +with `\fB.\fR' initially set to every line
   1.694 +.I except
   1.695 +those
   1.696 +matching the regular expression.
   1.697 +.TP 5
   1.698 +\fR(\fI1\fB,\fI$\fR)\|\fBV/\fIregular expression\fB/\fR
   1.699 +This command is the same as the interactive global command
   1.700 +.I G
   1.701 +except that the commands are read
   1.702 +.I g
   1.703 +with `\fB.\fR' initially set to every line
   1.704 +.I except
   1.705 +those
   1.706 +matching the regular expression.
   1.707 +.TP 5
   1.708 +\fR(\fI1\fB,\fI$\fR)\|\fBw\ \fIfilename\fR
   1.709 +.br
   1.710 +The write command writes the addressed lines onto
   1.711 +the given file.
   1.712 +If the file does not exist,
   1.713 +it is created mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone)\|.
   1.714 +The file name is remembered if there was no 
   1.715 +remembered file name already.
   1.716 +If no file name is given,
   1.717 +the remembered file name, if any, is used
   1.718 +(see
   1.719 +.I e
   1.720 +and
   1.721 +.I f
   1.722 +commands)\|.
   1.723 +`\fB.\fR' is unchanged.
   1.724 +If the command is successful, the number of characters written is
   1.725 +printed.
   1.726 +A `filename' starting with a `\fB!\fR'
   1.727 +causes the string following this character
   1.728 +to be executed as a shell command
   1.729 +with the addressed lines as standard input.
   1.730 +.TP
   1.731 +\fR(\fI1\fB,\fI$\fR)\fBW\ \fIfilename\fR
   1.732 +This command is the same as
   1.733 +.I w,
   1.734 +except that the addressed lines are appended to the file.
   1.735 +.TP 5
   1.736 +\fR(\fI$\fR)\|\fB=\fR
   1.737 +The line number of the addressed line is typed.
   1.738 +`\fB.\fR' is unchanged by this command.
   1.739 +.TP 5
   1.740 +\fB!\fR<shell command>
   1.741 +The remainder of the line after the `!' is sent
   1.742 +to
   1.743 +.IR sh (1)
   1.744 +to be interpreted as a command.
   1.745 +.RB ` . '
   1.746 +is unchanged.
   1.747 +If the command starts with a
   1.748 +.RB ` ! ',
   1.749 +the previous command is inserted.
   1.750 +A
   1.751 +.RB ` % '
   1.752 +causes the current file name to be inserted.
   1.753 +.TP 5
   1.754 +\fR(\|\fI.+1\fR)\|<newline>
   1.755 +An address alone on a line causes the addressed line to be printed.
   1.756 +A blank line alone is equivalent to `.+1p'; it is useful
   1.757 +for stepping through text.
   1.758 +.PP
   1.759 +The following commands are extensions:
   1.760 +.TP 5
   1.761 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fR)\fB\|b\fR[\fIcount\fR]
   1.762 +Prints a screenful of lines,
   1.763 +starting at the addressed one,
   1.764 +and browses forward in the buffer by this amount.
   1.765 +With the optional
   1.766 +.I count
   1.767 +argument, the screen size for this and following
   1.768 +.I b
   1.769 +commands is set to the given number of lines.
   1.770 +.TP 5
   1.771 +.B help
   1.772 +Causes a summary of
   1.773 +.I ed
   1.774 +commands along with short descriptions
   1.775 +to be printed on the terminal.
   1.776 +.TP 5
   1.777 +.B N
   1.778 +Makes the
   1.779 +.I p
   1.780 +command behave like the
   1.781 +.I n
   1.782 +command and vice-versa.
   1.783 +If given a second time,
   1.784 +the original semantics are restored.
   1.785 +.TP 5
   1.786 +\fR(\|\fI.\|\fR)\fB\|o\fR[\fIcount\fR]
   1.787 +Prints a screenful of lines centered around the addressed one.
   1.788 +The current line is not changed.
   1.789 +With the optional
   1.790 +.I count
   1.791 +argument, the amount of lines printed above and below
   1.792 +for this and following
   1.793 +.I o
   1.794 +commands is set to the given number.
   1.795 +.TP 5
   1.796 +.B z
   1.797 +Performs the same actions as a
   1.798 +.I w
   1.799 +command followed by a
   1.800 +.I q
   1.801 +command.
   1.802 +.PP
   1.803 +If an interrupt signal is sent,
   1.804 +.I ed
   1.805 +prints a `?' and returns to its command level.
   1.806 +.PP
   1.807 +An input line that consists exactly of the two characters `\e.'
   1.808 +causes a period `.' to be inserted with the
   1.809 +.IR a ,
   1.810 +.IR c ,
   1.811 +and
   1.812 +.IR i
   1.813 +commands.
   1.814 +.PP
   1.815 +Some size limitations:
   1.816 +The maximum number of bytes in the buffer
   1.817 +corresponds to the address size;
   1.818 +on machines with 32-bit addressing,
   1.819 +it is 2\ G bytes,
   1.820 +with 64-bit addressing,
   1.821 +it is 9\ E bytes.
   1.822 +The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of core:
   1.823 +each line takes 2 words.
   1.824 +.PP
   1.825 +If a line contains a NUL character,
   1.826 +regular expressions cannot match beyond this character.
   1.827 +A substitute command deletes a NUL
   1.828 +and all following characters on the line.
   1.829 +NUL characters in command input are discarded.
   1.830 +If an input file does not end with a newline,
   1.831 +.I ed
   1.832 +prints a message and appends one.
   1.833 +.PP
   1.834 +Omission of the `/' character
   1.835 +following the regular expression or the replacement string
   1.836 +to the global and substitute commands
   1.837 +causes the affected lines to be printed.
   1.838 +Thus the following commands have the same effect:
   1.839 +.RS
   1.840 +g/pattern	g/pattern/p
   1.841 +.br
   1.842 +s/pattern/repl	s/pattern/repl/p
   1.843 +.br
   1.844 +s/pattern/	s/pattern//p
   1.845 +.RE
   1.846 +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
   1.847 +.TP
   1.848 +.BR LANG ", " LC_ALL
   1.849 +See
   1.850 +.IR locale (7).
   1.851 +.TP
   1.852 +.B LC_CTYPE
   1.853 +Determines the mapping of bytes to characters
   1.854 +and the set of printable characters for the
   1.855 +.I l
   1.856 +command.
   1.857 +.TP
   1.858 +.B TMPDIR
   1.859 +Determines the location of the temporary file
   1.860 +if it contains the name of an accessible directory.
   1.861 +.SH FILES
   1.862 +/var/tmp/e*
   1.863 +.br
   1.864 +/tmp/e*
   1.865 +.br
   1.866 +ed.hup: work is saved here if terminal hangs up
   1.867 +.SH "SEE ALSO"
   1.868 +B. W. Kernighan,
   1.869 +.I
   1.870 +A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
   1.871 +.br
   1.872 +B. W. Kernighan,
   1.873 +.I Advanced editing on UNIX
   1.874 +.br
   1.875 +bfs(1),
   1.876 +grep(1),
   1.877 +sed(1),
   1.878 +sh(1)
   1.879 +.SH DIAGNOSTICS
   1.880 +`?name' for inaccessible file;
   1.881 +`?' for
   1.882 +errors in commands,
   1.883 +possibly followed by a verbose description
   1.884 +(see the description for the
   1.885 +.I h
   1.886 +and
   1.887 +.I H
   1.888 +commands above).
   1.889 +.PP
   1.890 +To protect against throwing away valuable work,
   1.891 +a
   1.892 +.I q
   1.893 +or
   1.894 +.I e
   1.895 +command is considered to be in error, unless a
   1.896 +.I w
   1.897 +has occurred since the last buffer change.
   1.898 +A second
   1.899 +.I q
   1.900 +or
   1.901 +.I e
   1.902 +will be obeyed regardless.
   1.903 +.SH NOTES
   1.904 +A
   1.905 +.I !\&
   1.906 +command cannot be subject to a
   1.907 +.I g
   1.908 +command.
   1.909 +.PP
   1.910 +The LC_COLLATE variable has currently no effect.
   1.911 +Ranges in bracket expressions are ordered
   1.912 +as byte values in single-byte locales
   1.913 +and as wide character values in multibyte locales.
   1.914 +.PP
   1.915 +For portable programs, restrict textual data
   1.916 +to the US-ASCII character set and
   1.917 +set the LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE variables to `C' or `POSIX'.