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1 \chapter{Mail transfer agents}

3 After having read about the history of electronic mail and the basics of \mta{}s in the last chapter, this chapter introduces a group of \mta{}s. Among them, the already mentioned \sendmail. The selected group will be delimited against other groups of \MTA{}s, which are described as well.

5 The chosen programs will be presented to the reader in a short overview and with the most important facts. The next chapter will show a comparison of these programs in several disciplines.

8 \section{Types of \MTA{}s}

9 ``Mail transfer agent'' is a term covering a variety of programs. One thing is common to them: they transfer email from one \emph{thing} to another. These \emph{things} can be hosts, meaning independent machines, or protocols like \NAME{SMTP} and \NAME{UUCP}, between which mail is transfered.\footnote{\sendmail{}'s initial purpose was moving mail between \NAME{UUCP}, \NAME{SMTP}, and \name{Berknet}.}

11 Beside this common property, \MTA{}s can be very different. Some of them have \NAME{POP3} and/or \NAME{IMAP} servers included. Some can fetch mails through these protocols. Others have have all features you can think of. And maybe there are some that do nothing else but transporting email.

13 Following are groups of \mta{}s that will \emph{not} be regarded further.

15 \subsection*{Relay-only \MTA{}s}

16 \label{subsec:relay-only}

17 This is the most simple kind of \MTA. It transfers mail only to defined \name{smart hosts}\footnote{\name{smart host}s are \MTA{}s that receives email and route it to the actual destination}. \name{Relay-only} \MTA{}s do not receive mail from outside the system, and they do not deliver locally.

19 Most \MTA{}s can be configured to act as such a \name{forwarder}. But this is usually an additional functionality.

21 One would use such a program to give a system the possibility to send mail, without the need to do lots of configuration. In a local network, usually the clients are set up with a \name{relay-only} \MTA, while there is one \name{mail server} that acts as a \name{smart host}. The ``dumb'' clients send mail to this one \name{mail server} which does all the work.

23 Examples for that group are: \name{nullmailer}, \name{ssmtp} and \name{esmtp}.

26 \subsection*{Groupware}

27 Normally the term ``groupware'' does not mean one single program, but a suite of programs. They build a framework which is then populated with various modules that provide actual funktionality. Modules for mail transfer, file storage, calendars, resource management, instant messaging, etc., are commonly available.

29 One would use one of these program suites if the main work to do is not mail transfer, but providing integrated communication facilities and team working support for a group of people. The most common scenario are companies. They have \name{groupware} running to provide adequate services for their teams to work efficently. But one may use \name{groupware} on the home server for his family members also.

31 Examples are: \name{Lotus Notes}, \name{Microsoft Exchange}, \name{OpenGroupware.org} and \name{eGroupWare}.

34 \subsection*{``Real'' \MTA{}s}

35 There is a third type of \mta{}s in between the minimalistic \name{relay-only} \MTA{}s and the bloated \name{groupware}. Those programs may be named ``real \MTA{}s'', or ``proper \MTA{}s'', though there is no common name. They are what is meant with the term ``\mta''.

37 Common to them is their focus on transfering email, while being able to act as \name{smart host}. Their variety ranges from ones mostly restricted to mail transfer (\name{qmail}) to others already having interfaces for adding further mail processing modules (\name{postfix})---thus everything in between the other two groups. %FIXME: are postfix and qmail good examples?

39 This group is of importance in this document. The programs selected for the comparison are ``real \MTA{}s''.

43 \subsection*{Non-\emph{sendmail-compatible} \MTA{}s}

44 Due to \sendmail's significance---described in section \ref{sec:sendmail}---compatiblity interfaces for \sendmail\ are of importance for \unix\ \MTA{}s. Being not \emph{sendmail-compatible} does not need to matter for some fields of action, but makes the program ineligible for serving as a general purpose \MTA\ on \unix\ systems.

46 Hence all \MTA{}s not having a \emph{sendmail-compatible} interface or not offering it as a compatibility addon, will not be covered here.

48 An Examples here is \name{Apache James}. %FIXME: check if correct

51 \subsection*{Non-free software}

52 Only programs being \freesw\ are regarded, because comparing \freesw\ with proprietary or commercial software is not what typical users of programs like \masqmail\ do. Comparison with those non-free programs may be a point for large \freesw\ projects, trying to step into the business world. Small projects, mostly used by individuals at home, need to be compared against other projects of similar shape.

54 The comparison should be seen from \masqmail's point of view, so non-free software is out of the way.

58 \section{Popular \MTA{}s}

59 The programs remaining are \emph{sendmail-compatible} ``smart'' \MTA{}s that focus on mail transfer and are \freesw. One would not use a program for a job it is not suited for. Therefor only \mta{}s that are mostly similar to \masqmail\ are regarded.

61 For the comparision, five programs are taken. These are: \sendmail, \name{qmail}, \name{postfix}, \name{exim}, and \masqmail. The four alternatives to \masqmail\ are the most important representatives of the regarded group. % FIXME: add ref that affirm that

63 \name{courier-mta} is also a member of this group, being even closer to \name{groupware} than \name{postfix}. It is excluded here, because the \NAME{IMAP} and webmail parts of the mail server suite are more in focus than its \MTA. Common mail server setups even bundle \name{courier-imap} with \name{postfix}.

65 Other members are: \name{smail}, \name{zmailer}, \name{mmdf}, and more; they all are less important and rarely used.

67 Following is a small introduction to each of the five programs chosen for comparision.

69 \subsection*{\sendmail}

70 \label{sec:sendmail}

71 \sendmail\ is the most popular \mta. Since it was one of the first \MTA{}s and was shipped by many vendors of \unix\ systems.

73 The program was written by Eric Allman as the successor of his program \name{delivermail}. \sendmail\ was first released with \NAME{BSD} 4.1c in 1983. Allman was not the only one working on the program. Other people developed own versions of it and a variety of flavors came up, especially in the late eighties when Allman was inactive.

75 \sendmail\ is focused on transfering mails between different protocols and networks, this lead to a very flexible (though complex) configuration.

77 The latest version is 8.14.3 from May 2008. The program is distributed under the \name{Sendmail License} as both, \freesw\ and proprietary software of \name{Sendmail, Inc.}.

79 Further development will go into the project \name{MeTA1} which succeeds \sendmail.

81 More information can be found on the \sendmail\ homepage \citeweb{sendmail:homepage} and on \citeweb{wikipedia:sendmail} and \citeweb{jdebp}.

84 \subsection*{\name{qmail}}

85 \label{sec:qmail}

86 \name{qmail} is seen by its community as ``a modern SMTP server which makes sendmail obsolete''. It was written by Daniel~J.\ Bernstein starting in 1995. His primary goal was to create a secure \MTA\ to replace the popular, but vulnerable, \sendmail.

88 \name{qmail} first introduced may innovative concepts in \mta\ design and is generally seen as the first security-aware \MTA\ developed.

90 Since November 2007, \name{qmail} is released in the \name{public domain} which makes it \freesw. The latest release is 1.03 from July 1998.

92 The programs homepages are \citeweb{qmail:homepage1} and \citeweb{qmail:homepage2}. Further information about \name{qmail} is available on \citeweb{lifewithqmail}, \citeweb{wikipedia:qmail} and \citeweb{jdebp}.

95 \subsection*{\name{postfix}}

96 \label{sec:postfix}

97 The \name{postfix} project was started in 1999 at \name{IBM research}, then called \name{VMailer} or \name{IBM Secure Mailer}. Wietse Venema's program ``attempts to be fast, easy to administer, and secure. The outside has a definite Sendmail-ish flavor, but the inside is completely different.''\citeweb{postfix:homepage} In fact, \name{postfix} was mainly designed after qmail's architecture to gain security. But in contrast to \name{qmail} it aims much more on being fast and full-featured.

99 Today \name{postfix} is taken by many \unix systems and \gnulinux distributions as default \MTA.

100

101 The latest stable version is numbered 2.5.5 from August 2008. \name{postfix} is covered by the \name{IBM Public License 1.0} which is a \freesw\ license.

102

103 Additional information is available on the program's homepage \citeweb{postfix:homepage}, on \citeweb{jdebp} and \citeweb{wikipedia:postfix}.

104

105

106 \subsection*{\name{exim}}

107 \label{sec:exim}

108 \name{exim} was started in 1995 by Philip Hazel at the \name{University of Cambridge}. Its age is about the same as \name{qmail}'s, but the architecture is totally different.

109

110 While \name{qmail} took a completely new approach, \name{exim} forked of \name{smail-3}, and therefor is monolitic like that and like \sendmail. But having no separation of the individual components of the system, like \name{qmail} and \name{postfix} have, did not hurt. Its security is comparably good.

111

112 \name{exim} is highly configurable, especially in the field of mail policies. This makes it easy to specify how mail is routed through the system and who is allowed to send email to whom. Also interfaces for integration of virus and spam check programs are provided by design.

113

114 The program is \freesw, released under the \GPL. The latest stable version is 4.69 from December 2007.

115

116 One finds \name{exim} on its homepage \citeweb{exim:homepage}. More information about it can be retrieved from \citeweb{wikipedia:exim} and \citeweb{jdebp}.

117

118

119

120

121

122

123 \section{Comparison of \MTA{}s}

124

125 % http://shearer.org/MTA_Comparison

126 % http://www.geocities.com/mailsoftware42/

127 % http://fanf.livejournal.com/50917.html

128 % http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/postfix/2006-07/1762.html

129 % http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6849

130 % http://www.mailradar.com/mailstat/

131

132 \subsection{First release}

133 sendmail: 1983

134

135 postfix: 1999

136

137 qmail: 1996 (first beta 0.70), 1997 (first general 1.0)

138

139 exim: 1995

140

141 masqmail: 1999

142

143 exchange: 1993

144

145

146 \subsection{Lines of code (with sloccount on debian packages)}

147 sendmail: 93k

148

149 postfix: 92k

150

151 qmail: 18k

152

153 exim: 54k

154

155 masqmail: 14k

156

157 exchange: (no source available)

158

159

160 \subsection{Architecture}

161 sendmail: monolitic

162

163 postfix: modular

164

165 qmail: modular

166

167 exim: monolitic

168

169 masqmail: monolitic

170

171 Like its anchestor \sendmail, \masqmail\ is a monolitic program. It consists of only one \emph{setuid root}\footnote{Runs as user root, no matter which user invoked it.}\index{setuid root} binary file, named \path{masqmail}. All functionality is included in it; of course some more comes from dynamic libraries linked.

172

173

174 exchange: (unknown)

175

176

177 \subsection{Design goals}

178 sendmail: flexibility

179

180 postfix: performance and security

181

182 qmail: security

183