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1 \chapter{About \freesw\ projects}
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2
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3 There are several differences between \freesw\ projects and projects about proprietary software.
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4 To understand \freesw\ projects, one needs to understand \freesw\ itself first.
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5
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6 \section{About \freesw}
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7 The term ``Free Software'' was coined by the \name{Free Software Foundation} (short: \NAME{FSF}), founded by Richard~M.\ Stallman (known as ``RMS'') in 1985.
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8 Although various licenses make software free, none of them represents the thinking of \freesw\ like the the \GNU\ \gpl\ (short: \GPL). Its first version was written by Stallman in 1989.
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9 One could say, the \GPL\ catalized the \name{Free Software movement}.
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10
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11 After all, the \GPL\ was not the first \freesw\ license used.
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12 The \name{MIT License} (or \name{X Consortium License}) for example is older; published in 1988.
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13 Licenses providing the same rights have been used since long time ago.
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14 But none of them was so often (re)used by other projects---thus gattering less awareness.
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15 Further more was the \GPL\ created to be a \emph{general} license for all kinds of programs, unlike most other licenses written for one particular program.
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16
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17 \freesw\ gives freedoms to its users.
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18 In contrast to proprietary software restricting the users freedom.
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19 The freedoms (or rights) the user has are stated in the \name{Free Software Definition} of the \NAME{FSF}. Namely these are:
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20 \begin{enumerate}
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21 \item The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
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22 \item The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
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23 \item The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
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24 \item The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
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25 \end{enumerate}
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26
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27
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28 \section{The term ``Open Source''}
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29 \name{Open Source Software} often stands for the same as \freesw.
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30 But there is an essential difference: \name{Open Source} focuses on the availability of source code, while \freesw\ is about freedoms for people.
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31
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32 \name{Open Source Software} is a subset of \freesw, meaning: All \freesw\ is \name{Open Source}, but there exists \name{Open Source Software} that is not free.
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33
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34
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35 \section{Development of \freesw}
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36 Having source code available and the right to modify it, encouridges programmers to actually do so.
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37 Their modifications are manifoldly.
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38 Some tailor the software to their needs.
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39 Some add features.
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40 Some do it just for fun.
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41 There are no limitations---whoever wants to, may work on it.
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42
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43 Since the boom of the internet, \freesw\ typically is developed by an open community of programmers interested in the software.
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44 The process of development is watchable by everyone.
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45
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46 The other, now less common, method is a more closed group, developing in a ``sealed'' room, but releasing finished versions to the public.
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47
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48 Eric~S.\ Raymond discusses about these methods, which he named \name{the bazaar} and \name{the cathedral}. %FIXME: add reference
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49
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50 The following text will focus on the ``bazaar'' model.
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51
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52
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53 \section{The role of the community}
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54 \freesw\ projects rise and fall with their community!
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55
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56 Most \freesw\ programs are developed by a very small group of programmers, often only one person.
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57 But they are used by many people.
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58 In between the programmers and the users, are people located who are a bit of both.
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59 These are the ones that write documentation, find bugs and probably even fix it.
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60 They discuss on mailing lists, bulletin boards and \NAME{IRC} chats.
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61 The program is often spread by their ``advertising''.
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62
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63 The \emph{community} consists of the actual developers and all users that contribute to the program.
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64 Contribution can be one of the described ways, or others like providing a server for the project website for example.
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65
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66 \emph{Community} is everyone who is in contact through the project.
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67 Be it on the mailing list, the discussion board, or by telling the developers about a new feature wanted.
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68
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69 There will hardly be a community if no communication channels are available.
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70 If the development team does not provide them, there is a chance that encouraged users set them up on their own.
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71 But this is rare and the program needs to be very popular. %TODO: maybe include an example here (w3m?)
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72
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73 Projects without a good community tend to die sooner or later.
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74
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75
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76 \section{Evolution of a community}
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77 Let us look at the process a community establishes: In most times it's only one who has an idea, in the beginning.
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78 He starts developing.
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79 When others get in contact with the project, there may be some who are so much interested that they start co-developing.
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80 Others report bugs, and some only use the program.
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81
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82 After some time, one will find a small group of core developers, a larger group of contributers (bugs, patches, documentation) and a very large group of users.
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83 The size ratio of the groups vary by type of project.
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84
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85 One should have that in mind, when starting a \freesw\ project.
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86
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87
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88 \section{Creating a strong community}
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89 Building up a good community needs some effort of the main developers.
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90 %TODO: search for documents about this topic
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91
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92 First communication channels need to be set up, to enable the growth of a community.
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93
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94 Second, development should be visible by everyone who is interested in it.
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95 Time between work done on the project and its visibility to the public should be kept short.
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96 This makes it interesting for other developers to join.
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97 Developers are the core of a community.
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98
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99 Third, there is a rule of thumb that should be followed: ``Release early, release often!'' \cite{catb}.
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100 Releases are (more) stable versions, primary for users.
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101 They should be created, frequently.
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102 People will more likely use programs of active projects.
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103
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104 Fourth, the developers should try to get the users ``in the boat''.
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105 Good communities have a large group of users that do not only receive, but also give something back to the project.
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106 The project leaders should motivate users to contribute.
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107 This unlocks a big work force and gets lot of unexiting work done.
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108
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109 Fifth, documentation matters.
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110 Good documentation makes it easy for users and developers to start.
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111 And it helps to avoid a lot of unsatisfaction.
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112 Documentation is something that shows quality and that people care about the project.
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113
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114 And sixth, project leaders should be good souvereigns.
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115 They should try to be fair, to motivate, be visionaires and try to put power and work on many shoulders.
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116
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117 Not to forget: Every work that was done, every contribution that was made and every idea received needs to be honored in an appropriate way!
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118 Volunteer work lives by acknowledgement of the effort spent.
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